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Introduction

The concept "physics" leaves the roots in the deep past, in translation with Greek it means "nature". The primary goal of this science is the establishment of "laws" of world around. One of Platon's basic compositions, pupil Aristotelian, referred to "Physics".
The science of those years had physiophilosophical character, i.e. recognized that directly observable movings heavenly bodies there are their valid movings. From here the conclusion about the central position of the Earth in the universe has been made. This system truly reflected some features of the Earth as heavenly body: that the Earth - a sphere, that all gravitates to its center. Thus, this doctrine was actually about the Earth. At a level of time it met the basic requirements which were showed to scientific knowledge. First, it from the uniform point of view explained observable movings heavenly bodies and, second, enabled to calculate their future positions. At the same time theoretical constructions of ancient Greeks had only speculative character - they have been torn completely off experiment.
Such system has existed down to XVI century, before occurrence of the doctrine of Copernicus, the received further substantiation in experimental physics Galilee, come to the end with creation of Newton’s mechanics, united uniform laws of movement moving of heavenly bodies and terrestrial objects. It was the greatest revolution in the natural sciences, the science which have begun development in its modern understanding.
Galileo Galilej considered, that the world is infinite, and the matter is eternal. In all processes nothing is destroyed and not generated - there is only a change of a relative positioning of bodies or their parts. The matter will consist of absolutely indivisible atoms, its movement - unique, universal mechanical moving. Heavenly bodies are similar to the Earth and submit to uniform laws of mechanics.
For Newton it was important unequivocal to find out with the help of experiments and supervision of property of investigated object and to build the theory on the basis of an induction without use of hypotheses. It recognized that in physics as the experimental science does not have a place for hypotheses. Recognizing not faultlessness of an inductive method, it counted it among other the most preferable.
And during an epoch of antiquity, and in XVII century importance of studying of movement of heavenly bodies admitted. But if for ancient Greeks the given problem had more philosophical value for XVII century, the aspect practical was prevailing. Development of navigation caused necessity of development of more exact astronomical tables for the purposes of navigation in comparison with what were required for the astrological purposes. The primary goal was definition of the longitude so necessary to astronomers and seafarers. For the decision of this important practical problem the first state observatories (in 1672 also were created. Parisian, in 1675. Greenwich). Inherently it was the problem of definition of the absolute time giving at comparison with local time an interval of time which and could be transferred in a longitude. It was possible to define this time with the help of supervision of movements of the Moon among stars, and also with the help of the exact hours which are put on absolute time and taking place at the observer. For the first case very exact tables were necessary for a prediction of position of heavenly bodies, and for the second - absolutely exact and reliable clockworks. Works in these directions were not successful. To find the decision it was possible only to Newton which, due to opening of the law of universal gravitation and three organic laws of mechanics, and also differential and integral calculus, has betrayed to mechanics character of the integral scientific theory.
In physics, Classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of study in the science of mechanics, which is concerned with the motions of bodies, and the forces that cause them. The other sub-field is quantum mechanics. Roughly speaking, classical mechanics was developed in the 400 years since the groundbreaking works of Brahe, Kepler, and Galilei, while quantum mechanics developed within the last 100 years, starting with similarly decisive discoveries by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr.
The notion of “classical“ may be somewhat confusing, insofar as this term usually refers to the era of classical antiquity in European history. While many discoveries within the mathematics of that period remain in full force today, and of the greatest use, the same cannot be said about its "science". This in no way belittles the many important developments, especially within technology, which took place in antiquity and during the Middle Ages in Europe and elsewhere.
However, the emergence of classical mechanics was a decisive stage in the development of science, in the modern sense of the term. What characterizes it, above all, is its insistence on mathematics (rather than speculation), and its reliance on experiment (rather than observation). With classical mechanics it was established how to formulate quantitative predictions in theory, and how to test them by carefully designed measurement. The emerging globally cooperative endeavour increasingly provided for much closer scrutiny and testing, both of theory and experiment. This was, and remains, a key factor in establishing certain knowledge, and in bringing it to the service of society. History shows how closely the health and wealth of a society depends on nurturing this investigative and critical approach.
The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is characterized by the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz, and others. This is further described in the following sections. More abstract, and general methods include Lagrangean mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics.
Classical mechanics produces very accurate results within the domain of everyday experience. It is enhanced by special relativity for objects moving with large velocity, near the speed of light. Classical mechanics is used to describe the motion of human-sized objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies, and even microscopic objects such as large molecules. Besides this, many specialties exist, dealing with gases, liquids, and solids, and so on. It is one of the largest subjects in science and technology.
Although classical mechanics is largely compatible with other "classical" theories such as classical electrodynamics and thermodynamics, some difficulties were discovered in the late 19th century that can only be resolved by more modern physics. When combined with classical thermodynamics, classical mechanics leads to the Gibbs paradox in which entropy is not a well-defined quantity and to the ultraviolet catastrophe in which a black body is predicted to emit infinite amounts of energy. The effort at resolving these problems led to the development of quantum mechanics.